Tratamiento de la eclampsia y miastenia gravis: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Eclampsia treatment and myasthenia gravis: case report and review of literature

OBJETIVO: Reportar el caso de una gestante con miastenia grave (MG) más preeclampsia-eclampsia y crisis miasténica en el puerperio mediato, y realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre el manejo farmacológico. MÉTODO: Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 26 años con MG, primigesta de 36 semanas de gestación, quien cursó con eclampsia y recibió fenitoína por 24 horas. Tuvo parto espontáneo sin complicaciones y crisis miasténica al día 11 del puerperio asociada a infección de vías urinarias y sepsis. Se realiza revisión de la literatura en PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, LILACS y Scopus, empleando los términos "Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced", "Preeclampsia" y "Eclampsia", combinados con "Myasthenia Gravis", durante el periodo de publicación de 1960 a junio 2020, en inglés y español. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 12 reportes de caso, dos con eclampsia y MG; el caso aquí reportado es el número 13. Ocho pacientes no recibieron medicamentos profilácticos de eclampsia y tres de ellas convulsionaron. En las que se usó sulfato de magnesio, todas cursaron con crisis miasténica. CONCLUSIONES: La evidencia actual en cuanto a la profilaxis y el tratamiento de la eclampsia y la MG corresponde a reportes de casos. El uso de sulfato de magnesio está contraindicado en pacientes con MG, por lo que se han utilizado fenitoína y levetiracetam.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of pregnant women with myasthenia gravis (MG), plus preeclampsia-eclampsia and myasthenic crisis in the mediate puerperium; to conduct a literature review regarding its pharmacological management. METHOD: 26-year-old primigravida with 36 weeks of gestation and previous history of MG, who developed eclampsia and was treated with phenytoin for 24 hours, with later spontaneous delivery without any complications nor new seizures; and myasthenic crisis on day 11 of the puerperium associated with urinary tract infection and sepsis. A literature review was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, LILACS and Scopus, using the controlled vocabulary "Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced", "Preeclampsia" and "Eclampsia", combined with "Myasthenia Gravis", between 1960 and June 2020, in English and Spanish. RESULTS: 12 case reports were found, two of these with eclampsia and MG, the case reported here was number 13. In eight cases patients did not receive any prophylactic drugs for eclampsia and three of them had convulsions. In the cases where magnesium sulfate was used, all developed myasthenic crisis. CONCLUSIONS: The current evidence regarding prophylactic management and treatment corresponds to case reports. The use of magnesium sulfate is contraindicated in patients with MG, therefore phenytoin and levetiracetam have been used.

Maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by chronic hypertension followed at a referral hospital / Resultados maternos e perinatais de gestantes hipertensas crônicas acompanhadas em pré-natal especializado

Abstract Objective To assess maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnancies in women with chronic hypertension (CH). Methods Retrospective cohort of women with CH followed at a referral center for a 5 year period (2012-2017). Data were obtained from medical charts review and described as means and frequencies, and a Poisson regression was performed to identify factors independently associated to the occurrence of superimposed preeclampsia (sPE). Results A total of 385 women were included in the present study; the majority were > than 30 years old, multiparous, mostly white and obese before pregnancy. One third had pre-eclampsia (PE) in a previous pregnancy and 17% of them had organ damage associated with hypertension, mainly kidney dysfunction. A total of 85% of the patients used aspirin and calcium carbonate for pre-eclampsia prophylaxis and our frequency of sPE was 40%, with an early onset (32.98 ± 6.14 weeks). Of those, 40% had severe features of PE, including 5 cases of HELLP syndrome; however, no cases of eclampsia or maternal death were reported. C-section incidence was high, gestational age at birth was 36 weeks, and nearly a third (115 cases) of newborns had complications at birth One third of the women remained using antihypertensive drugs after pregnancy. Conclusion Chronic hypertension is related with the high occurrence of PE, C-sections, prematurity and neonatal complications. Close surveillance and multidisciplinary care are important for early diagnosis of complications.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os resultados maternos e perinatais em gestação de mulheres com hipertensão crônica. Métodos Coorte retrospectiva de mulheres hipertensas crônicas acompanhadas em hospital de referência por 5 anos (2012-2017). Foi realizada revisão dos prontuários médicos e os resultados são descritos em médias e frequências. A regressão de Poisson foi usada para identificar os fatores independentemente associados à ocorrência de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada. Resultados Um total de 385 mulheres foram incluídas no presente estudo, e amaioria tinha idade > 35 anos, era multípara, majoritariamente brancas e obesas antes da gravidez. Um terço teve pré-eclâmpsia em gestação anterior, e 17% apresentavam lesão de órgão-alvo associada à hipertensão, majoritariamente disfunção renal. Um total de 85% das pacientes usaram ácido acetilsalicílico e carbonato de cálcio para a profilaxia de pré-eclâmpsia, sendo que a frequência de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada foi de 40%, com um início prematuro (32.98 ± 6.14 semanas). Destas, 40% apresentaram sinais de gravidade associados à pré-eclâmpsia, com 5 casos de síndrome HELLP; entretanto sem nenhum caso de eclampsia ou morte materna. A incidência de cesárea foi alta, comidade gestacional de 36 semanas ao parto, e umterço dos recém-nascidos tiveram complicações ao nascimento. Um terço das mulheres permaneceu usando medicamentos anti-hipertensivos ao fim da gravidez. Conclusão A hipertensão crônica se relaciona comalta prevalência de pré-eclâmpsia, cesárea, prematuridade e complicações neonatais. Vigilância e cuidado multidisciplinar são importantes para o diagnóstico precoce das complicações.

Interaction between NOS3 and HMOX1 on antihypertensive drug responsiveness in preeclampsia / Interação entre os genes NOS3 e HMOX1 na resposta à terapia antihipertensiva em pré-eclâmpsia

Abstract Objective We examined the interaction of polymorphisms in the genes heme oxygenase- 1 (HMOX1) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) in patients with preeclampsia (PE) as well as the responsiveness to methyldopa and to total antihypertensive therapy. Methods The genes HMOX1 (rs2071746, A/T) and NOS3 (rs1799983, G/T) were genotyped using TaqMan allele discrimination assays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA ), and the levels of enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results We found interactions between genotypes of the HMOX-1 and NOS3 genes and responsiveness tomethyldopa and that PE genotyped as AT presents lower levels of protein HO-1 compared with AA. Conclusion We found interactions between the HMOX-1 and NOS3 genes and responsiveness to methyldopa and that the HMOX1 polymorphism affects the levels of enzyme HO-1 in responsiveness to methyldopa and to total antihypertensive therapy. These data suggest impact of the combination of these two polymorphisms on antihypertensive responsiveness in PE.

Resumo Objetivo Examinamos a interação dos polimorfismos nos genes heme oxigenase-1 (HMOX1) eóxido nítrico sintase (NOS3) empacientes compré-eclâmpsia (PE)bem como as capacidades de resposta à metildopa e à terapia anti-hipertensiva. Métodos Os polimorfismos nos genes HMOX1 (rs2071746, A/T) e NOS3 (rs1799983, G/T) foram genotipados usando TaqMan allele discrimination assays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, EUA), e os níveis da enzima heme oxigenase-1 (HO-1) foram medidos por enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Resultados Foram encontradas interações entre os genótipos da HMOX-1 e NOS3 e responsividade à metildopa, e que pacientes genotipados como AT apresentam níveis mais baixos de proteína HO-1 em comparação com o genótipo AA. Conclusão Foram encontradas interações entre os genes HMOX-1 e NOS3 e responsividade à metildopa e que o polimorfismo localizado no gene HMOX1 afeta os níveis de enzima HO-1 na resposta à metildopa e à terapia anti-hipertensiva. Esses dados sugerem o impacto da combinação desses dois polimorfismos na resposta antihipertensiva na PE.

Furosemida en el control de la hipertensión arterial posparto en preeclámpticas severas / Furosemide in the control of postpartum hypertension in severe preeclamptic women

RESUMEN OBJETIVO: Establecer la utilidad de la furosemida en el control de la hipertensión arterial posparto en preeclámpticas severa. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles en el Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo, Venezuela. Se incluyeron pacientes con preeclampsia severa, las cuales durante el posparto fueron asignadas al azar para ser tratadas con furosemida, alfametildopa y cloruro de potasio oral (grupo A) o alfa-metildopa oral (grupo B) por 48 horas. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: variaciones en los valores de presión arterial y frecuencia cardiaca, persistencia de hipertensión, parámetros de laboratorio y efectos adversos. RESULTADOS: Para el análisis final estaban disponibles los datos de 198 pacientes en el grupo A y 197 pacientes en el grupo B en cada uno de los grupos. Luego de 48 horas de tratamiento se observaron disminuciones estadísticamente significativas en los valores de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica entre las pacientes tratadas con furosemida y las pacientes del grupo control (p < 0,0001). Se observó persistencia de la hipertensión en 52 pacientes (26,3 %) del grupo A y en 134 pacientes (68,0 %) del grupo B (p < 0,0001). No se encontraron diferencias entre los grupos en la frecuencia cardiaca, valores de laboratorio y efectos adversos (p = ns). CONCLUSIÓN: La furosemida produce disminuciones significativas en los valores promedios de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, al igual que en la frecuencia de persistencia de hipertensión postparto en preeclámpticas severas.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To establish the utility of furosemide in the control of postpartum blood pressure in severe preeclamptic patients. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted at the Central Hospital "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo, Venezuela. Patients diagnosed with severe preeclampsia were included, who during the postpartum period were randomized to be treated with furosemide, alpha-methyldopa and oral potassium chloride (group A) or oral alpha-methyldopa (group B) for 48 hours. The parameters evaluated were: variations in blood pressure and heart rate values, the persistence of hypertension, laboratory parameters and adverse effects related to treatment. RESULTS: Data of 198 patients in group A and 197 patients in group B in each of the groups were available for the final analysis. After 48 hours of treatment, statistical significant decreases were observed in the values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure between patients treated with furosemide and patients in the control group (p <0.0001). Persistence of hypertension was observed in 52 patients (26.3 %) of group A and in 134 patients (68.0 %) of group B (p < 0.0001). No differences were found between the groups in heart rate, laboratory values and adverse effects (p = ns). CONCLUSION: Furosemide produces significant decreases in the mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as in the frequency of persistence of postpartum hypertension in severe preeclamptic patients.

Evaluation of preeclampsia results after use of metformin in gestation: systematic review and meta-analysis / Avaliação dos resultados da pré-eclâmpsia após o uso da metformina na gestação: revisão sistemática e metanálise

Abstract Objective Does the use of metformin have an influence on the outcomes of preeclampsia (PE)? Sources of Data The descriptors pregnancy, metformin, treatment, and preeclampsia associated with the Boolean operators AND and OR were found in the MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase and Cochrane databases. A flowchart with exclusion criteria and inclusion strategy using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, and eligibility criteria was used. Data were extracted regarding the type of study, the applied dosage, treatment time, segment, bias risks, and the Patient, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome (PICO) strategy to identify the quality of the study. Selection of Studies Total number of journals in the initial search (n= 824); exclusions from repeated articles on different search engines (n= 253); exclusions after reading the titles, when the title had no correlations with the proposed theme (n= 164); exclusions due to incompatibility with the criteria established in the methodological analysis (n= 185), exclusion of articles with lower correlation with the objective of the present study (n= 187); and final bibliographic selection (n= 35). Data Collection At first, a systematic review of the literature was performed. Subsequently, from the main selection, randomized and non-randomized trials with metformin that presented their results in absolute and relative numbers of PE outcomes were selected. The variables were treated statistically in the meta-analysis with the Review Manager software (RevMan), version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Denmark in the Hovedistaden region. Synthesis of Data The study showed that metmorfin presented greater preventive effects for pregnancy-induced hypertension and was less effective for PE. Conclusion Metformin may gain place in preventive treatments for PE, once the dosages, the gestational age, and treatment time are particularly evaluated. A methodological strategy with an improved perspective of innovative and/or carefully progressive dosages during pregnancy to avoid side effects and the possibility of maternal-fetal risks is suggested.

Resumo Objetivo O uso de metformina tem influência nos resultados da pré-eclâmpsia (PE)? Fontes de Dados Os descritores gravidez, metformina, tratamento e pré-eclâmpsia associados aos operadores booleanos AND e OR foram encontrados nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase e Cochrane. Foi utilizado um fluxograma com critérios de exclusão e estratégia de inclusão, utilizando o protocolo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA e critérios de elegibilidade. Os dados foram extraídos quanto ao tipo de estudo, dosagem aplicada, duração do tratamento, segmento, riscos de viés e estratégia Patient, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome (PICO) para identificar a qualidade do estudo. Seleção de Estudos Número total de periódicos na busca inicialmente realizada (n= 824); exclusões de artigos repetidos nos diferentes sites de busca (n= 253); exclusões após a leitura dos títulos, quando o titulo não apresentava correlações com o tema proposto (n= 164); exclusões por incompatibilidade com os critérios estabelecidos na análise metodológica (n= 185), exclusão de artigos com menor correlação com o objetivo do presente estudo (n= 187); e seleção bibliográfica final (n= 35). Coleta de Dados Inicialmente, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Posteriormente, a partir da seleção principal, foram selecionados estudos randomizados e não randomizados com metformina, os quais apresentaram em seus resultados números absolutos e relativos de desfechos de PE. As variáveis foram tratadas estatisticamente na metanálise por meio do Review Manager software (RevMan), version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Denmark in the Hovedistaden region. Síntese dos Dados O estudo demonstrou que a metmorfina apresenta maiores efeitos preventivos para a hipertensão induzida pela gravidez e é menos eficaz para a PE. Conclusão A metformina pode conquistar seu espaço nos tratamentos preventivos da PE, uma vez que as dosagens, a idade gestacional e o tempo de tratamento são particularmente avaliados. Sugere-se uma estratégia metodológica com uma perspectiva aprimorada de doses inovadoras e/ou cuidadosamente progressivas durante a gravidez, a fim de evitar efeitos colaterais e a possibilidade de riscos materno-fetais.

Resultados del uso del ácido acetilsalicílico y los suplementos de calcio en la prevención de la preeclampsia / Results of the Use of Acetylsalicylic Acid and Calcium Supplements in Preventing Preeclampsia

Introducción: la preeclampsia en una afección que complica el embarazo y es responsable entre 10-15 por ciento de la mortalidad materna y perinatal. En Villa Clara, constituyen la primera causa de ingreso en los Servicios de Cuidados Maternos y perinatales. Objetivo: demostrar la efectividad y la seguridad de la aspirina y los suplementos de calcio en embarazadas con riesgo. Métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional, prospectiva en la consulta provincial de riesgo de preeclampsia del Hospital Universitario Ginecobstétrico Mariana Grajales, de Villa Clara, desde enero del 2014 hasta diciembre del 2015. Resultados: se comprobó que el uso de la aspirina y el calcio, a las dosis empleadas, resultaron ser efectivas en la disminución de la incidencia de preeclampsia y sus formas severas. Existieron beneficios mayores con las medidas preventivas empleadas, para algunos grupos específicos de riesgo como: hipertensión arterial crónica, obesidad, historia de preeclampsia previa y pacientes con ecografía Doppler alterada. No se observó un incremento de eventos adversos sobre la madre y el feto. Conclusiones: no se observó un incremento de eventos adversos sobre la madre y el neonato en las pacientes tratadas(AU)

Introduction: preeclampsia in a condition that complicates pregnancy and it is responsible for 10-15 percent of maternal and perinatal mortality. In Villa Clara, it constitutes the first cause of admission to the Maternal and Perinatal Care Services. Objective: demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of aspirin and calcium supplements in pregnant women at risk. Methods: an observational, prospective investigation was conducted in the provincial consultation for risk of preeclampsia at Mariana Grajales Gyneco-Obstetric University Hospital, in Villa Clara, from January 2014 to December 2015. Results: the use of aspirin and calcium, at the doses used, proved to be effective in reducing the incidence of preeclampsia and its severe forms. There were greater benefits with the preventive measures used, for some specific risk groups such as chronic hypertension, obesity, history of previous preeclampsia and patients with altered Doppler ultrasound. There was no increase in adverse events on the mother and the fetus. Conclusions: there was no increase in adverse events on the mother and the newborn in the treated patients(AU)

Anestesia epidural y control posoperatorio de la tensión arterial en pacientes con preeclampsia grave cesareadas / Epidural anesthesia and postoperative control of arterial pressure in patients with serious preeclampsia and who have undergone cesarean section

Introducción: La preeclampsia en Cuba tiene una incidencia de 10 a 12 y una mortalidad neonatal de 35 por ciento. Hay escasa evidencia acerca de si es adecuado el tratamiento estándar. Se acepta el uso de anestesia epidural en la preeclampsia grave porque, entre otros beneficios, estabiliza la presión arterial. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de la anestesia epidural continua como coadyuvante en el control posoperatorio de la tensión arterial en pacientes con preeclampsia grave. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental en el hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto en el periodo 2013-2016. Se incluyeron 180 gestantes entre 15 y 40 años con preeclampsia grave intervenidas por cesárea, ASA III; asignadas aleatoriamente a un grupo de estudio y otro de control. En ambos se procedió según la norma cubana de obstetricia para el tratamiento de la preeclampsia. El grupo control recibió analgesia posoperatoria según recomendaciones del protocolo hospitalario, mientras se empleó anestesia epidural continua con 12,5 mg/h de bupivacaína al 0,125 por ciento en el grupo de estudio. Se midió la tensión arterial sistólica, diastólica y media durante las ocho primeras horas posoperatorias: Resultados: La tensión arterial sistólica y diastólica se controló en 93 por ciento y 88 por ciento, respectivamente. En el grupo control, 47 por ciento necesitó tres drogas antihipertensivas, 6 por ciento evolucionó hacia la eclampsia. Se controlaron los síntomas en el 97 por ciento del grupo de estudio. La taquicardia fue el efecto secundario esperado más frecuente de la anestesia epidural. Conclusiones: La anestesia epidural con bupivacaína al 12,5 mg/h es eficaz como coadyuvante en el control de la tensión arterial en el posoperatorio de pacientes con preeclampsia grave(AU)

Introduction: Preeclampsia in Cuba has an incidence of 10 to 12 and a neonatal mortality of 35 percent. There is little evidence about the standard treatment. The use of epidural anesthesia in severe preeclampsia is accepted because, among other benefits, it stabilizes blood pressure. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of continuous epidural anesthesia as an adjuvant in the postoperative control of blood pressure in patients with severe preeclampsia. Method: An experimental study was performed at Dr. Agostinho Neto Hospital in the period 2013-2016. We included 180 pregnant women aged 15-40 and with severe preeclampsia undergoing cesarean section (ASA III), randomly assigned to a study group and a control group. In both cases, we used the Cuban obstetrical standard for treating preeclampsia. The control group received postoperative analgesia according to the recommendations of the hospital protocol, while continuous epidural anesthesia was used with 12.5 mg/h of bupivacaine 0.125 percent in the study group. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure were measured during the first eight postoperative hours. Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was controlled in 93 percent and 88 percent, respectively. In the control group, 47 percent needed three antihypertensive drugs, while 6 percent evolved towards eclampsia. Symptoms were controlled in 97 percent of the study group. Tachycardia was the most common expected side effect of epidural anesthesia. Conclusions: Epidural anesthesia with 12.5 mg/h of bupivacaine is effective as an adjuvant in controlling postoperative blood pressure in patients with severe preeclampsia(AU)

Preeclampsia y defecto cardiaco fetal: ¿existe una asociación? revisión de la evidencia / Preeclampsia and fetal heart defect: is there an association? evidence review

Introducción: La preeclampsia (PE) es un desorden multisistémico complejo causado por una angiogénesis anormal placentaria. La cardiopatía congénita (CC) es uno de los defectos estructurales más comunes en neonatos. Recientemente, diversos estudios han identificado un desequilibrio en los niveles de factores proangiogénicos y antiangiogénicos en sangre umbilical de neonatos con CC similares a los hallados en sangre de mujeres con PE, lo que sugiere una posible asociación. Objetivo: Revisar la evidencia científica disponible sobre la relación entre la PE y el desarrollo de CC en neonatos. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Scopus y Medline/Pubmed utilizando los términos "pre-eclampsia" y "congenital heart defects", se seleccionaron 4 artículos que relacionaban las variables PE y CC, los cuales fueron revisados a texto completo. Únicamente se encontraron trabajos de tipo observacional analítico (1 estudio de prevalencia, 1 estudio de casos y controles y 2 estudios de cohortes), publicados entre el 2014 y 2016. Resultados: La PE de inicio temprano (<34 semanas) fue el factor de riesgo más importante asociado al desarrollo de CC en neonatos. La severidad de un defecto cardiaco se asocia con la intensidad y el momento de inicio de los desequilibrios en los factores angiogénicos. Conclusión: Encontramos evidencia relevante de la asociación entre PE y CC. La condición hipertensiva y los cambios endoteliales condicionados por ésta, estarían relacionados con el aumento de riesgo para el desarrollo de la CC antes que la exposición a medicamentos antihipertensivos.

Introduction: Preeclampsia (PE) is a complex multisystem disorder caused by an abnormal placental angiogenesis. Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common structural defects in newborn infants. Recently, several studies have identified an imbalance in the levels of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors in umbilical blood of newborn infants with CHD similar to those found in the blood of women with PE, suggesting a possible association. Objective: To review the available scientific evidence about the relationship between the PE and the development of CHD in newborn infants. Method: A search was conducted in Scopus and Medline/PubMed databases using the terms "pre-eclampsia" and "congenital heart defects". Four articles that linked PE and CHD were selected and reviewed in full text. Only analytical observational studies were found (1 prevalence study, 1 case-control study and 2 cohort studies), published between 2014 and 2016. Results: Early onset PE (<34 weeks) was the most important risk factor for the development of CHD in newborn infants. The severity of a heart defect is associated with the intensity and the onset time of imbalances in the angiogenic factors. Conclusion: We found relevant evidence on the possible association between PE and CHD. Hypertensive condition and endothelial changes conditioned by this seem to be linked to increased risk for the development of CHD instead of exposure to antihypertensive drugs.

Prescription pattern of drugs during pregnancy in a tertiary care centre: A retrospective study.

Despite the absence of adequate studies on the safety and effectiveness of prescribing drugs during pregnancy evidence available shows that physicians prescribe and pregnant women self medicate surprisingly large number of drugs. This study is designed to evaluate the current drug utilization pattern during Pregnancy. The retrospective study involved data collected from 150 pregnant women who have delivered in the tertiary care hospital. Information regarding the gravida, number of ANC visits per pregnant woman, disease status and the drugs prescribed during pregnancy was collected. The data were analysed using SPSS and descriptive statistics was used. Around 90% of pregnant women attended more than 3 ANC visits and among diseases suffered pre-eclampsia was the most frequent (45.33%) followed by gastrointestinal disturbances (32%). Nutritional supplements including iron and folic acid supplements were the most commonly prescribed in more than 93% which is followed by tetanus toxoid(92%). Cephalosporin was the most commonly prescribed antimicrobials for systemic infections. Most of the Drugs consumed belong to category A, B & C of FDA categorisation while only 2 drugs i.e. Diazepam & Atenolol belonged to Category D. Majority of the pregnant women attended Antenatal Clinic as per the WHO guidelines. The drug utilization pattern was found to be rational in this study as almost all the drugs prescribed were compatible with the FDA categorisation. The most frequently observed medical condition was Preeclampsia.

Tratamento de hipertensão gestacional grave na urgência: revisão de diretrizes / Treatment of severe gestational hypertension in emergency: review of guidelines

A doença hipertensiva gestacional é uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade maternal no mundo. O tratamento definitivo depende do esvaziamento uterino. Medicamentos anti-hipertensivos buscam diminuir desfechos desfavoráveis para o binômio mãe-feto. O objetivo desse estudo de revisão foi comparar diferentes diretrizes sobre o tratamento de hipertensão gestacional, com o foco na conduta de urgência.

Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy are a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Delivery is the definitive treatment. Antihypertensive drugs may reduce blood pressure levels and reduce adverse outcomes for both mother and fetus. The aim of this review was to compare different guidelines on the treatment of acute gestational hypertension.

L-arginina: suplemento nutricional sin beneficios demostrados en patologías del embarazo / L-arginine supplementation in patients with disorders of pregnancy

Objetivo: análisis crítico de estudios clínicos randomizados para determinar si el suplemento con L-arginina mejora el resultado perinatal en pacientes embarazadas en riesgo o que presenten patologías como parto prematuro, síndrome hipertensivo del embarazo o restricción de crecimiento fetal intrauterino. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en base de datos Pubmed, Tripdatabase y una multibúsqueda en el Sistema de Bibliotecas de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile con posterior análisis crítico de los estudios seleccionados. Resultados: se seleccionaron 14 estudios clínicos randomizados; 4 de ellos corresponden a estudios de L-arginina en hipertensión gestacional, 5 estudios de L-arginina en preeclampsia, 1 estudio de L-arginina en parto prematuro, 1 estudio de L-arginina en hipertensión crónica y 4 estudios de L-arginina en restricción de crecimiento intrauterino. Solo dos de los estudios son de buena calidad metodológica, pero uno de ellos estudia un resultado intermedio y no clínicamente relevante. El resultado más promisorio muestra que el uso de L-arginina asociada a vitaminas antioxidantes reduce significativamente la incidencia de preeclampsia en mujeres de riesgo (antecedente personal o familiar de preeclampsia). Conclusiones: no se ha demostrado la efectividad de la suplementación antenatal con L-arginina para mejorar el resultado perinatal en embarazadas en riesgo o que presentan patologías como parto prematuro, síndrome hipertensivo del embarazo o restricción de crecimiento fetal. Se requieren estudios de buen diseño que permitan conclusiones definitivas.

Objective: critical analysis of randomized clinical trials to determine whether supplementation with L-arginine improves perinatal outcome in pregnant patients at risk or presenting conditions such as preterm labor, hypertensive disorders or intrauterine fetal growth restriction. Methods: we performed a literature search in Pubmed, Tripdatabase and multisearch in the Library System of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile to further critical analysis of selected studies. Results: We selected 14 randomized trials, 4 of them are for studies of L-arginine in gestational hypertension, 5 studies of L-arginine in preeclampsia, one study of L-arginine in preterm labor, one study of L-arginine in chronic hypertension and 4 studies of L-arginine in intrauterine growth restriction. Only two of the studies were of good methodological quality, but one these studies analyzes an intermediate result that is not clinically relevant. The most promising result shows that the use of L-arginine associated with antioxidant vitamins significantly reduced the incidence of preeclampsia in women at risk (personal or family history of preeclampsia). Conclusions: is not shown the effectiveness of antenatal supplementation with L-arginine to improve perinatal outcome in pregnant women at risk or with pathological conditions such as premature labor, hypertensive disorders and fetal growth restriction. More studies of good design are needed to allow definitive conclusions.

Magnesium sulphate therapy in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia: one year experience

To study the efficacy of Magnesium Sulphate Therapy for prevention and control of fits in patients with preeclampsia and eclampsia. Interventional Study. This study was conducted at the Department of Obstetric and Gynecology Unit II, Mother and Child Health Centre, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad from April 2002 to March 2003. Total 50 women with preeclampsia / imminent eclampsia and eclampsia fulfilling the study criteria were admitted in HAD, adjacent to labour ward. Magnesium Sulphate therapy started after complete evaluation of the patients according to the study protocol. Patients monitored carefully for any side effects of magnesium therapy and occurrence of convulsions. Primary outcome measures were development of eclampsia or recurrent seizures in patients with eclampsia, neonatal morbidity and mortality. Secondary outcome measures were serious maternal morbidity, magnesium toxicity and other side effects of MgSO[4] and complications of labour and delivery. Total 50 women were entered into the study over a period of one year. Out of these 12 [24%] women presented with eclampsia, 5 [10%] had imminent eclampsia and 33 [66%] were diagnosed as pre-eclampsia. Of the 12 women with eclampsia, none had recurrent seizures. Out of 38 women with pre-eclampsia and imminent eclampsia, only one [2%] woman developed eclampsia. There was no case of magnesium toxicity. Overall 12 [24%] of the babies were delivered with poor Apgar score. Two babies were expired within five minutes of delivery while 5 babies expired in NICU. There were 6 intrauterine deaths and 4 intrapartum deaths. Magnesium sulphate is an effective anticonvulsant for the treatment and prevention of eclampsia when used judiciously. In the dosage used it does not have any substantive harmful effects on women and their babiesstage repair is more appropriate with satisfactory results

Legrado uterino o nifedipina durante el posparto en pacientes con preeclampsia severa / Curettage or nifedipine during the postpartum period in patients with severe preeclampsia

Comparar la eficacia del legrado uterino o la nifedipina durante el posparto en pacientes con preeclampsia severa. Maternidad “Dr. Nerio Belloso”, Hospital Central “Dr. Urquinaona”, Maracaibo. Estado Zulia. Se realizó una investigación en 60 pacientes con diagnóstico de preeclampsia severa que fueron divididas de la siguiente manera: grupo A (n = 30) que fueron sometidas a legrado uterino inmediatamente después del parto y grupo B (n = 30) que recibieron nifedipina (10 mg vía oral cada 8 horas x 24 horas). Se evaluaron los cambios en la presión arterial, contaje de plaquetas, parámetros de laboratorio y efectos adversos. La edad materna, edad de la gestación al momento del parto y tipo de parto fueron similar para las pacientes del grupo nifedipina y las pacientes del grupo de legrado uterino (p = ns). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los valores promedio de presión arterial sistólica, presión arterial diastólica y contaje de plaquetas en ninguno de los períodos estudiados entre ambos grupos de estudio (p = ns). Tampoco encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos en los valores inicial y a las 24 horas de hemoglobina, hematocrito, bilirrubina y transaminasas (p =ns). El único efecto adverso que presentó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa y una alta incidencia fue la cefalea en el grupo de preeclámpticas severas tratadas con nifedipina (26 casos, P < 0,05). La nifedipina es tan eficaz como el legrado uterino durante el posparto en pacientes con preeclampsia severa

To compare the efficacy of uterine curettage or nifedipine during postpartum in patients with severe preeclampsia. Maternidad “Dr. Nerio Belloso”, Hospital Central “Dr. Urquinaona”, Maracaibo. Estado Zulia. A research was done in 60 patients with diagnosis of severe preeclampsia that were divided of following way: group A (n = 30) who were submitted to uterine curettage and group B (n = 30) who received nifedipine (10 mg orally every 8 hours x 24 hours). Blood pressure changes, platelet count, laboratory parameters and adverse effects were evaluated. Maternal age, gestational age at the moment of delivery and type of delivery were similar to patients of group nifedipine and patients of uterine curettage group (p = ns). There were not significant differences in mean values of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and platelet count between groups (p = ns). There was also not significant differences between groups in initial and at 24-hours values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, bilirubin and transaminases (p = ns). The only adverse effect that presented a significant difference and a high incidence was headache in group of severe preeclamptic patients treated with nifedipine (26 cases; P < 0.05). Nifedipine is as effective as uterine curettage during postpartum in patients with severe preeclampsia

Hypoglycaemia secondary to labetalol infusion

A 42-year-old multigravida with severe pre-eclampsia had an emergency caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Peri-operatively, her arterial pressure was controlled with oral methydopa and an intravenous infusion of labetalol. Post-operatively, in the Intensive Care Unit, she had recurrent episodes of hypoglycaemia which required treatment with intravenous glucose. These episodes resolved when the labetalol infusion was stopped. Clinicians should be aware of the potential of labetalol to cause hypoglycaemia

Tratamento da pré-eclâmpsia baseado em evidências / Pre-eclampsia treatment according to scientific evidence

As síndromes hipertensivas na gestação merecem especial destaque no cenário da saúde pública mundial. Atualmente, respondem como terceira causa de mortalidade materna no mundo e primeira no Brasil. Do ponto de vista prático, a pré-eclâmpsia continua sendo uma síndrome que leva a graves repercussões maternas e fetais, conhecendo-se ainda pouco sobre sua etiologia. Atualmente, tem-se discutido a melhor terapêutica para os quadros de pré-eclâmpsia em diversos momentos do ciclo gravídico-puerperal, visando sempre à redução de altos índices de morbimortalidade materna e fetal. O parto, considerando-se a fisiopatologia do evento, representa a melhor forma de tratamento. O uso de sulfato de magnésio é recomendado em todos os casos de pré-eclâmpsia grave e eclâmpsia para prevenção e tratamento das crises convulsivas. Da mesma forma, o tratamento dos picos hipertensivos é recomendado. Hidralazina, nifedipina e labetalol têm sido as drogas mais utilizadas com essa finalidade, mas seu uso dependente da familiaridade do médico assistente. A corticoterapia antenatal está indicada sempre que existe risco iminente de prematuridade entre a 24º e 34º semana. Em contrapartida, não há evidências suficientes para recomendar repouso e administração de expansores plasmáticos de rotina, assim como há necessidade urgente de ensaios clínicos randomizados para determinar se o tratamento anti-hipertensivo de manutenção nas gestantes apresenta benefícios ou riscos para mães e fetos, em todas as formas clínicas da doença, em particular nos casos de pré-eclâmpsia pura.

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy deserve special attention in the setting of global public health. Currently, they represent the third cause of maternal mortality in the world and first in Brazil. From a practical standpoint, pre-eclampsia remains a syndrome that leads to serious repercussions on maternal and fetal mortality and its etiology is not well known. Currently, the best treatment for forms of pre-eclampsia is being discussed at different times in pregnancy and puerperium, with the objective to reduce the high rates of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Considering the pathophysiology of the event, anticipation of delivery is the best treatment for pre-eclampsia. The use of magnesium sulfate is recommended in all cases of severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia for prevention and treatment of seizures. Likewise, treatment of hypertensive crises is recommended. Hydralazine, nifedipine and labetalol have been the most commonly used drugs for this purpose, but their use depends on the familiarity of the treating physician. Antenatal corticoid therapy is indicated whenever there is an imminent risk of preterm delivery between 24 and 34 weeks. In contrast, there is insufficient evidence to recommend bed rest and routine plasma volume expansion, and there is an urgent need for randomized clinical trials to determine whether maintenance antihypertensive treatment in pregnant women has benefits or risks for mothers and fetuses in all clinical forms of disease, particularly in cases of pure pre-eclampsia.

Anestesia na gestante com pré-eclampsia e eclampsia / Anesthetic management of parturients with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia

A pre-eclampsia é uma enfermidade multissistêmica associada à gravidez, com um a incidência de 5% e que se manifesta a partir da 20ª semana de gestação. É caracterizada por hipertensão materna (PA >140/90mm Hg) e proteinúria (>300mg/dia). A pré-eclampsia é uma das principais causas de nascimento prematuro em todo o mundo. Um diagnóstico rápido e uma terapia imediata são essenciais para se obter um bom prognóstico materno e fetal. O tratamento inclui medidas eficientes de diminuição da pressão arterial para evitar graves complicações tais com o hemorragia intracerebral materna. Ao mesmo tempo, deve-se considerar uma mudança da perfusão uteroplacentária induzida por drogas, bem como as consequências que resultam da mesma para o feto. O magnésio tem um papel essencial para a prevenção e controle das convulsões. Do ponto de vista obstétrico, em caso de complicações é indicado o parto cesárea (>34 semanas de gestação) como a terapia ideal. Comparada com a anestesia geral, a técnica de anestesia do neuroeixo oferece à mãe e ao feto algum as vantagens, mesmo considerando as contra-indicações do método de escolha.

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-associated illness affecting multiple organ systems. Symptoms typically occur after the 20th week of gestation and consist of hypertension (>140/90mmHg) and proteinuria (>300 mg/day). It is one of the leading causes of premature birth worldwide and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for both fetal and maternal health. Therapy is aimed at lowering blood pressure sufficiently to prevent the most severe complications such as intracranial hemorrhages. At the same time attention must be paid to the possible untoward effects of blood pressure medications on uteroplacental perfusion and fetal well being. Magnesium is the cornerstone for both prevention and control of eclampsia cerebrovascular events. In cases of severe preeclampsia and eclampsia prompt delivery is indicated, often carried out by Cesarean section (>34 weeks of gestation). Compared to general anesthesia, regional anesthesia techniques offer certain advantages to both mother and fetus and in the absence of contraindications they are the methods of choice.

Intoxicación neonatal por sulfato de magnesio: caso clínico / Magnesium neonatal intoxication: a case review

Magnesium Sulfate is currently the treatment of choice for severe preeclampsia and eclampsia. Since it crosses the placenta, magnesium can reach high levels in fetal plasma, occasionally reaching levels higher than maternal plasma. Objective: To analyze a 35 weeks gestational age newborn, who presented hypermagnesemia due to maternal treatment with magnesium sulfate (in routine dosage) indicated for severe preeclampsia. Clinical Case: The mother was infused with MgS04 for 17 hours until pregnancy was interrupted because of fetal monitoring. The baby weighed 2,620 grams, was depressed, hypotonic, cyanotic and without respiratory effort and only partially responded to initial resuscitation with positive pressure ventilation. The infant was admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for monitoring, support and management. High levels of plasma MgS04 were found (4.7 mg/dl), compatible with the diagnosis of hypermagnesemia. Symptoms and signs slowly disappeared, and the child was discharged after 10 days of hospitalization. Conclusion: We present the clinical case of a newborn with a history of maternal use of magnesium sulfate, who presented hypermagnesemia characterized by neonatal depression, hypotonia, central apnea with oxygen requirement and who progressively normalized in a 10 day period.

El Sulfato de Magnesio es actualmente el medicamento de elección para el tratamiento de la embarazada con preeclampsia severa y eclampsia. Dado que atraviesa la placenta, alcanza elevados niveles en el plasma fetal, pudiendo en ocasiones superar la concentración plasmática materna. Objetivo: Analizar la evolución de un neonato de 36 semanas de edad gestacional que cursó con cuadro de hipermagnesemia secundario a tratamiento materno con sulfato de magnesio en dosis habituales, indicado como terapia de una preeclampsia severa. Caso clínico: Madre recibe infusión de MgS04 por un total de 17 hrs antes de decidirse la interrupción del embarazo por vía alta debido a un registro sospechoso. Se obtuvo recién nacido de 2 620 gramos, deprimido, sin esfuerzo respiratorio, hipotónico y cianótico, que respondió parcialmente a la reanimación inicial con ventilación a presión positiva. Se decidió ingreso a Cuidados Intensivos de la Unidad de Neonatología para monitorización, soporte y manejo. Se detectaron niveles plasmáticos elevados de MgS04 de 4,7 mg/dL compatibles con el diagnóstico de Hipermagnesemia. La signología fue disminuyendo progresivamente, decidiéndose el alta luego de 10 días de hospitalización. Conclusión: Se presenta caso clínico de un recién nacido, con antecedente de sulfato de magnesio administrado a la madre y que evoluciona con un cuadro de hipermagnesemia caracterizado por depresión neonatal, apneas centrales, requerimientos de oxígeno e hipotonía, los cuales van normalizándose progresivamente en el curso de 10 días.

Prevenção da pré-eclâmpsia baseada em evidências / Evidence-based prevention of pre-eclampsia

As síndromes hypertensivas representam uma das alterações que ocorrem com mais frequência na gravidez, encontrando-se entre as principais causas de morte materna e perinatal no mundo. A identificação de pacientes de risco para o desenvolvimento da pré-eclâmpsia, seja por fatores associados ou por testes preditores, seguindo-se de intervenções profiláticas, poderia prevenir ou retardar a apresentação clínica da doença ou até mesmo reduzir sua gravidade. Realizou-se revisão da literatura baseada nas evidências disponíveis, com o objetivo de descrever as peculiaridades dos métodos preventivos para pré-eclâmpsia. Atualmente, não há estratégias preventivas eficazes que possam ser utilizadas para todas as gestantes, porém há um papel para a aspirina e para o cálcio em gestantes com risco aumentado de pré-eclâmpsia. O cálcio também parece efetivo quando usado em populações com baixa ingestão desse elemento.

Hypertensive syndromes are one of the most frequent complications of pregnancy, and they represent an important cause of maternal and perinatal death around the world. Identification of patients at risk for developing preeclampsia by clinical factors or predictive tests, followed by prophylactic interventions, could prevent or retard the clinical presentation of disease or reduce its severity. A review of literature based on current evidences was performed with the objective of describing characteristics of preventive methods for pre-eclampsia. Nowadays, no effective strategies for preventing pre-eclampsia in all pregnant women, but aspirin and calcium, have a role in high risk women. Calcium also seems effective when used in population with low ingestion of calcium.